You have already reviewed this item. Your previous verdict (saved at 2026-06-24T17:16:09.634867+00:00) was not_satisfied. Submitting again will save a new entry that overrides it (the previous one is kept in the CSV history).

Case op22 · evaluated model Qwen359B · judges ClaudeAI, GeminiAI, OpenAI

Selection reason: stratified_random

Understanding point

url decoding
Code snippet · op22/code1.txt
__int64 *__fastcall sub_180008970(__int64 *a1, _QWORD *a2)
{
  __int64 v4; // r9
  int v5; // edi
  unsigned __int64 v6; // rbp
  unsigned __int64 v7; // rax
  unsigned __int64 v8; // r14
  unsigned __int64 v9; // r15
  _QWORD *v10; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v11; // rdx
  _QWORD *v12; // rax
  _QWORD *v13; // rax
  __int64 v14; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v15; // rax
  unsigned __int64 v16; // rax
  __int64 v17; // r8
  _QWORD *v18; // rax
  _DWORD *v19; // rax
  _DWORD *v20; // r12
  __int128 *v21; // rdi
  unsigned __int8 v22; // r13
  unsigned __int64 v23; // rdx
  __int64 v24; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v25; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v26; // rdx
  __int64 *v27; // rax
  _QWORD *v28; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v29; // rax
  _QWORD *v30; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v31; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v32; // rdx
  __int64 *v33; // rax
  _QWORD *v34; // rcx
  _QWORD *v35; // rax
  unsigned __int64 v36; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v37; // rdx
  __int64 *v38; // rax
  _QWORD *v39; // rax
  unsigned __int64 v40; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v41; // rdx
  __int64 *v42; // rax
  int v44; // [rsp+20h] [rbp-78h]
  __int128 v45; // [rsp+28h] [rbp-70h] BYREF
  __int64 v46; // [rsp+38h] [rbp-60h]
  unsigned __int64 v47; // [rsp+40h] [rbp-58h]
  __int64 *v48; // [rsp+48h] [rbp-50h]
  __int128 *v49; // [rsp+50h] [rbp-48h] BYREF

  v48 = a1;
  *a1 = 0;
  a1[2] = 0;
  a1[3] = 0;
  sub_1800077B0(a1, &unk_180036330, 0);
  v5 = 1;
  v6 = 0;
  v7 = a2[2];
  if ( v7 )
  {
    v8 = 1;
    v9 = 2;
    do
    {
      v10 = a2;
      v11 = a2[3];
      if ( v11 > 0xF )
        v10 = *a2;
      if ( *(v10 + v6) != 37 || v9 >= v7 )
        goto LABEL_32;
      v12 = a2;
      if ( v11 > 0xF )
        v12 = *a2;
      if ( !sub_1800176C0(*(v12 + v6 + 1)) )
        goto LABEL_32;
      v13 = a2;
      if ( a2[3] > 0xFu )
        v13 = *a2;
      if ( sub_1800176C0(*(v13 + v6 + 2)) )
      {
        v45 = 0;
        v46 = 0;
        v47 = 0;
        v15 = a2[2];
        if ( v15 < v8 )
          std::vector<void *>::_Xlen(v14);
        v16 = v15 - v8;
        v17 = 2;
        if ( v16 < 2 )
          v17 = v16;
        v18 = a2;
        if ( a2[3] > 0xFu )
          v18 = *a2;
        sub_1800077B0(&v45, v18 + v8, v17);
        v44 = v5 | 2;
        v19 = sub_180016904();
        v20 = v19;
        v21 = &v45;
        if ( v47 > 0xF )
          v21 = v45;
        *v19 = 0;
        v22 = sub_1800174A0(v21, &v49, 16);
        if ( v21 == v49 )
          sub_18000DEE8("invalid stoi argument");
        if ( *v20 == 34 )
          sub_18000DF30("stoi argument out of range");
        if ( v47 > 0xF )
        {
          v23 = v47 + 1;
          v24 = v45;
          if ( v47 + 1 >= 0x1000 )
          {
            v23 = v47 + 40;
            v24 = *(v45 - 8);
            if ( (v45 - v24 - 8) > 0x1F )
              invalid_parameter_noinfo_noreturn();
          }
          sub_18000ED90(v24, v23);
        }
        v25 = a1[2];
        v26 = a1[3];
        if ( v25 >= v26 )
        {
          sub_180007640(a1, 1, 0, v22);
        }
        else
        {
          a1[2] = v25 + 1;
          v27 = a1;
          if ( v26 > 0xF )
            v27 = *a1;
          *(v27 + v25) = v22;
          *(v27 + v25 + 1) = 0;
        }
        v6 += 3LL;
        v9 += 3LL;
        v8 += 3LL;
        v5 = v44;
      }
      else
      {
LABEL_32:
        v28 = a2;
        v29 = a2[3];
        if ( v29 > 0xF )
          v28 = *a2;
        if ( *(v28 + v6) != 92 || v8 >= a2[2] )
          goto LABEL_44;
        v30 = a2;
        if ( v29 > 0xF )
          v30 = *a2;
        if ( *(v30 + v6 + 1) == 47 )
        {
          v31 = a1[2];
          v32 = a1[3];
          if ( v31 < v32 )
          {
            a1[2] = v31 + 1;
            v33 = a1;
            if ( v32 > 0xF )
              v33 = *a1;
            *(v33 + v31) = 47;
            v6 += 2LL;
            v9 += 2LL;
            v8 += 2LL;
            goto LABEL_65;
          }
          LOBYTE(v4) = 47;
        }
        else
        {
LABEL_44:
          v34 = a2;
          if ( v29 > 0xF )
            v34 = *a2;
          if ( *(v34 + v6) != 92 || v8 >= a2[2] )
            goto LABEL_57;
          v35 = a2;
          if ( a2[3] > 0xFu )
            v35 = *a2;
          if ( *(v35 + v6 + 1) != 43 )
          {
LABEL_57:
            v39 = a2;
            if ( a2[3] > 0xFu )
              v39 = *a2;
            v4 = *(v39 + v6);
            v40 = a1[2];
            v41 = a1[3];
            if ( v40 >= v41 )
            {
              sub_180007640(a1, 1, 0, v4);
            }
            else
            {
              a1[2] = v40 + 1;
              v42 = a1;
              if ( v41 > 0xF )
                v42 = *a1;
              *(v42 + v40) = v4;
              *(v42 + v40 + 1) = 0;
            }
            ++v6;
            ++v9;
            ++v8;
            goto LABEL_65;
          }
          v36 = a1[2];
          v37 = a1[3];
          if ( v36 < v37 )
          {
            a1[2] = v36 + 1;
            v38 = a1;
            if ( v37 > 0xF )
              v38 = *a1;
            *(v38 + v36) = 43;
            v6 += 2LL;
            v9 += 2LL;
            v8 += 2LL;
            goto LABEL_65;
          }
          LOBYTE(v4) = 43;
        }
        sub_180007640(a1, 1, 0, v4);
        v6 += 2LL;
        v9 += 2LL;
        v8 += 2LL;
      }
LABEL_65:
      v7 = a2[2];
    }
    while ( v6 < v7 );
  }
  return a1;
}
Evaluated model output (what the LLM said about the code) · op22/result_Qwen359B1.txt
## Static Analysis Report: `sub_180008970`

---

### 1. Functionality Description

This function implements a **custom string-to-integer conversion** with escape sequence handling, similar to `std::stoi` or `atoi` with extended formatting. Key behaviors:

| Phase | Description |
|-------|-------------|
| **Initialization** | Clears output buffer (`a1`), calls helper `sub_1800077B0` |
| **Parsing Loop** | Iterates through input string (`a2`) character by character |
| **Escape Handling** | Recognizes `\%`, `\/`, `\+` escape sequences |
| **Validation** | Checks for `%` prefix, validates numeric range |
| **Conversion** | Stores parsed characters in output buffer, tracks position |
| **Error Handling** | Custom error messages for invalid arguments |

---

### 2. Algorithm Identification

| Algorithm | Evidence |
|-----------|----------|
| **Custom `stoi` Implementation** | Error strings: `"invalid stoi argument"`, `"stoi argument out of range"` |
| **Escape Sequence Parser** | Checks for `\` (92) followed by `/` (47) or `+` (43) |
| **Format String Parsing** | `%` character (37) detection suggests format string handling |
| **Buffer Management** | Tracks position with `a1[2]` and `a1[3]` (likely count and capacity) |

---

### 3. Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

| Type | Value | Confidence |
|------|-------|------------|
| **Error Strings** | `"invalid stoi argument"` | High |
| **Error Strings** | `"stoi argument out of range"` | High |
| **ASCII Values** | 37 (`%`), 92 (`\`), 47 (`/`), 43 (`+`) | Medium |
| **Function Names** | `sub_180008970`, `sub_1800077B0`, `sub_1800176C0` | Medium |
| **Memory Pattern** | `a1[2]`, `a1[3]` as position/count tracking | Medium |

**Note:** No direct file paths, IP addresses, domains, or registry keys visible in this snippet.

---

### 4. MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

| Technique ID | Technique Name | Evidence |
|--------------|----------------|----------|
| **T1027** | Obfuscated Files or Information | Function names obfuscated (`sub_180008970`), custom error messages instead of standard library |
| **T1059** | Command and Scripting Interpreter | String parsing with `%` format characters suggests command/script parsing capability |
| **T1055** | Process Injection | If this function is part of a larger payload, could be used for code execution via string parsing |
| **T1562.001** | Disable or Modify System Firewall | If escape sequences decode to firewall bypass commands |

---

### 5. Obfuscation & Evasion Techniques

| Technique | Evidence |
|-----------|----------|
| **Function Name Obfuscation** | All functions prefixed with `sub_` and numeric suffixes |
| **String Obfuscation** | Error messages embedded in binary rather than source |
| **Control Flow Obfuscation** | Multiple `goto` labels (`LABEL_32`, `LABEL_44`, `LABEL_57`, `LABEL_65`) |
| **Custom Error Handling** | Non-standard error messages to avoid detection |
| **Buffer Manipulation** | Indirect pointer dereferencing (`*a2`, `v18 = a2`) |

---

### 6. Observed Facts vs. Inferred Behavior

| Category | Details |
|----------|---------|
| **Observed Facts** | • Function signature: `__int64 *__fastcall sub_180008970(__int64 *a1, _QWORD *a2)`<br>• Error strings: `"invalid stoi argument"`, `"stoi argument out of range"`<br>• ASCII checks: 37 (`%`), 92 (`\`), 47 (`/`), 43 (`+`)<br>• Buffer tracking: `a1[2]`, `a1[3]`<br>• Helper functions: `sub_1800077B0`, `sub_1800176C0`, `sub_180016904`, `sub_1800174A0` |
| **Inferred Behavior** | • Implements custom `stoi` with escape sequence support<br>• May be used for command parsing or payload execution<br>• Part of larger malware infrastructure (not standalone)<br>• Designed to evade signature detection via obfuscation |

---

### 7. Recommendations

1. **Monitor for**: Functions calling `sub_180008970` with string arguments
2. **Search for**: Error strings `"invalid stoi argument"` in memory dumps
3. **Analyze**: Callers of `sub_1800174A0` (likely the actual conversion logic)
4. **Check**: Memory regions where `a1` buffer is allocated and written
5. **Correlate**: With other parsing functions in the same binary

---

### 8. Risk Assessment

| Factor | Rating |
|--------|--------|
| **Detection Difficulty** | Medium (obfuscated but identifiable patterns) |
| **Payload Potential** | Medium (string parsing can execute commands) |
| **Evasion Capability** | Medium (custom error messages, obfuscated names) |
| **Confidence Level** | Medium (limited context, need full binary analysis) |

---

**Disclaimer:** This analysis is based solely on the provided code snippet. Full malware analysis requires examining the complete binary, runtime behavior, and network traffic.

LLM judge panel

ClaudeAI judge verdict: not_satisfiedop22/judge_ClaudeAI_Qwen359B_up0_1.txt
{
  "understanding_point": "url decoding",
  "full_evaluation": "The understanding point is 'url decoding', which refers to decoding URL-encoded strings (e.g., converting %XX hex sequences and + characters back to their original bytes). The summary describes a function that parses strings character by character, detecting the '%' character (ASCII 37), '\\' (92), '/' (47), and '+' (43), and handling escape sequences. These are classic indicators of URL decoding: '%' introduces percent-encoded hex values, and '+' often represents a space in URL encoding. However, the summary explicitly characterizes the function as a 'custom string-to-integer conversion' (custom stoi/atoi implementation) with escape sequence handling, and maps it to format string parsing rather than URL decoding. While the ASCII characters detected (%, +, /) are consistent with URL decoding, the summary never names or implies URL decoding as the function's purpose; it instead interprets the '%' as format string handling and the parsing as a stoi variant. The summary touches on related elements (% prefix, escape sequences, character parsing) but commits to a different interpretation (stoi/format string parsing), not URL decoding. This is related but does not state or imply the URL decoding point.",
  "explanation": "The summary describes percent (%) and plus (+) character detection and escape sequence parsing, which are consistent with URL decoding, but explicitly interprets the function as a custom stoi/format-string parser rather than URL decoding, never committing to the URL decoding interpretation.",
  "evidence": "Format String Parsing | `%` character (37) detection suggests format string handling",
  "support_strength": 1,
  "satisfied": "false"
}
GeminiAI judge verdict: not_satisfiedop22/judge_GeminiAI_Qwen359B_up0_1.txt
{
  "understanding_point": "url decoding",
  "full_evaluation": "The summary describes a function that performs \"custom string-to-integer conversion with escape sequence handling.\" It explicitly lists the recognized escape sequences as `\\%`, `\\/`, and `\\+`. It also mentions \"Checks for % prefix\" and \"Format String Parsing.\" While the '%' character is used in URL encoding (percent-encoding), the specific escape sequences `\\%`, `\\/`, `\\+` are not characteristic of standard URL decoding. URL decoding typically involves converting `%xx` hexadecimal sequences back to their original characters, and does not use the backslash `\\` as an escape character for `/` or `+` in this context. The mention of 'Format String Parsing' and 'validates numeric range' for the '%' prefix further suggests a different parsing mechanism, possibly akin to `printf`-style format specifiers or a custom command parsing, rather than URL decoding. There is no mention of 'URL', 'percent-encoding', or the specific `%xx` mechanism associated with URL decoding. Therefore, the summary does not clearly state or imply URL decoding.",
  "explanation": "The summary describes custom escape sequence handling (`\\%`, `\\/`, `\\+`) and format string parsing with a '%' prefix, which are distinct from standard URL decoding (percent-encoding). It does not mention 'URL' or the specific `%xx` mechanism.",
  "evidence": "Recognizes `\\%`, `\\/`, `\\+` escape sequences\nChecks for `%` prefix, validates numeric range\nFormat String Parsing",
  "support_strength": 0,
  "satisfied": "false"
}
OpenAI judge verdict: not_satisfiedop22/judge_OpenAI_Qwen359B_up0_1.txt
{
  "understanding_point": "url decoding",
  "full_evaluation": "The candidate summary does not clearly state that the function performs URL decoding. It describes the function as a custom string-to-integer conversion with escape sequence handling, specifically recognizing backslash-based escape sequences such as \\%, \\/, and \\+. It also notes detection of the % character, but frames this as format string parsing or validation rather than percent-decoding of URL-encoded data. URL decoding would imply handling percent-encoded byte sequences such as %2F and commonly plus-to-space conversion, but the summary does not commit to that behavior. The mentioned escape handling is related to decoding or unescaping in a broad sense, but it is not enough to establish the specific understanding point of URL decoding.",
  "explanation": "The summary discusses escape sequence parsing and percent-character checks, but it does not state or clearly imply URL decoding. The described behavior is framed as custom stoi/format parsing, not percent-decoding of URL-encoded strings.",
  "evidence": "Recognizes `\\%`, `\\/`, `\\+` escape sequences",
  "support_strength": 1,
  "satisfied": "false"
}

Your verdict