Case op25 · evaluated model GLM51 · judges ClaudeAI, GeminiAI, OpenAI

Selection reason: stratified_random

Understanding point

the generated string is 77 characters long
Code snippet · op25/code1.txt
__int64 __fastcall sub_18000CDD0(__int64 a1)
{
  __int64 v2; // rbx
  unsigned __int64 v3; // rsi
  unsigned __int64 v4; // r15
  __int128 *v5; // rdi
  unsigned __int64 v6; // rdx
  __int128 *v7; // rcx
  __int64 v8; // r9
  unsigned __int64 v9; // rcx
  __int128 *v10; // rax
  __int128 *v11; // rdx
  char *v12; // r8
  __int128 *v13; // rdx
  unsigned __int64 v14; // rdx
  __int64 v15; // rcx
  unsigned __int64 v16; // rdx
  char *v17; // rax
  __int128 v19; // [rsp+30h] [rbp-50h] BYREF
  unsigned __int64 v20; // [rsp+40h] [rbp-40h]
  unsigned __int64 v21; // [rsp+48h] [rbp-38h]
  __int128 v22; // [rsp+50h] [rbp-30h] BYREF
  unsigned __int64 v23; // [rsp+60h] [rbp-20h]
  unsigned __int64 v24; // [rsp+68h] [rbp-18h]

  v22 = 0;
  v23 = 0;
  v24 = 0;
  sub_1800077B0(&v22, "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", 52);
  v19 = 0;
  v20 = 0;
  v21 = 15;
  LOBYTE(v19) = 0;
  v2 = 77;
  v3 = v24;
  v4 = v23;
  v5 = v22;
  do
  {
    v6 = sub_1800177E0() % v4;
    v7 = &v22;
    if ( v3 > 0xF )
      v7 = v5;
    v8 = *(v7 + v6);
    v9 = v20;
    if ( v20 >= v21 )
    {
      sub_180007640(&v19, 1, 0, v8);
    }
    else
    {
      ++v20;
      v10 = &v19;
      if ( v21 > 0xF )
        v10 = v19;
      *(v10 + v9) = v8;
      *(v10 + v9 + 1) = 0;
    }
    --v2;
  }
  while ( v2 );
  v11 = &v19;
  if ( v21 > 0xF )
    v11 = v19;
  v12 = v11 + v20;
  v13 = &v19;
  if ( v21 > 0xF )
    v13 = v19;
  sub_180007100(a1, v13, v12);
  if ( v21 > 0xF )
  {
    v14 = v21 + 1;
    v15 = v19;
    if ( v21 + 1 >= 0x1000 )
    {
      v14 = v21 + 40;
      v15 = *(v19 - 8);
      if ( (v19 - v15 - 8) > 0x1F )
        invalid_parameter_noinfo_noreturn();
    }
    sub_18000ED90(v15, v14);
  }
  v20 = 0;
  v21 = 15;
  LOBYTE(v19) = 0;
  if ( v3 > 0xF )
  {
    v16 = v3 + 1;
    v17 = v5;
    if ( v3 + 1 >= 0x1000 )
    {
      v16 = v3 + 40;
      v5 = *(v5 - 1);
      if ( (v17 - v5 - 8) > 0x1F )
        invalid_parameter_noinfo_noreturn();
    }
    sub_18000ED90(v5, v16);
  }
  return a1;
}
Evaluated model output (what the LLM said about the code) · op25/result_GLM511.txt
# Static Analysis Report

## 1. Functionality Description

This function generates a **random 77-character alphabetic string** composed of uppercase and lowercase letters (A-Z, a-z). The process:

1. Initializes a character set string with `"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"` (52 characters)
2. Loops 77 times (`v2 = 77`)
3. Each iteration calls a PRNG (`sub_1800177E0()`), takes the result modulo 52, and selects the corresponding character from the set
4. Appends each selected character to an output string (`v19`)
5. Copies the result to the output parameter `a1` via `sub_180007100()`
6. Cleans up temporary string buffers

The string operations (`sub_1800077B0`, `sub_180007640`, `sub_180007100`, `sub_18000ED90`) are **MSVC `std::string` methods** with Small String Optimization (SSO) — the `v21 > 0xF` (15) threshold determines whether the string data is stored inline or on the heap.

## 2. Well-Known Algorithms

- **No standard cryptographic or encoding algorithm** is used
- This is a basic **PRNG-based random string generator** (similar to DGA-style construction)
- The PRNG `sub_1800177E0()` is likely `rand()` or a similar linear congruential generator

## 3. Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

| Type | Value | Notes |
|------|-------|-------|
| Character set (hardcoded) | `ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz` | Used for random string generation |
| Constant | `77` (string length) | Fixed output length |

**No direct IOCs** (IPs, domains, file paths, registry keys, commands) are present in this snippet. The output is a dynamically generated random string.

## 4. MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

| Technique ID | Technique Name | Justification |
|---|---|---|
| **T1036** | **Masquerading** | Random string generation is commonly used to create randomly-named dropped files or executables to avoid signature-based detection |
| **T1027.001** | **Obfuscated Files or Information: Binary Padding** | Random naming can be part of obfuscation to make artifacts harder to identify |
| **T1070.004** | **Indicator Removal: File Deletion** | Random temp file names are often used for intermediate artifacts that are later deleted |
| **T1568** | **Dynamic Resolution** | If this generates random domain names, it aligns with DGA (Domain Generation Algorithm) behavior — 77 chars is unusual for domains but could be subdomain/URL components |

## 5. Obfuscation & Evasion Techniques

- **Random name generation**: The primary evasion technique — producing unpredictable, non-static identifiers makes pattern-based detection and blocklisting ineffective
- **No cryptographic randomness**: Using `rand()` (inferred) rather than a CSPRNG means the output is deterministic if the seed is known, which could aid in DGA prediction
- **Alphabetic-only character set**: Avoiding digits and special characters may help the output blend into contexts where alphanumeric strings are expected (e.g., legitimate identifiers, tokens)

## 6. Facts vs. Inference

| Category | Detail |
|----------|--------|
| **Observed Fact** | A 77-character random string is generated from the 52-character set `A-Za-z` |
| **Observed Fact** | MSVC `std::string` with SSO is used for string management |
| **Observed Fact** | A PRNG function (`sub_1800177E0()`) is called with modulo reduction |
| **Observed Fact** | The result is stored/returned via the `a1` parameter |
| **Inferred** | `sub_1800177E0()` is likely `rand()` or a similar PRNG |
| **Inferred** | The generated string is likely used for random naming (files, identifiers, or network artifacts) |
| **Inferred** | This function is probably part of a DGA or random artifact naming subsystem within the malware |

LLM judge panel

ClaudeAI judge verdict: satisfiedop25/judge_ClaudeAI_GLM51_up1_1.txt
{
  "understanding_point": "the generated string is 77 characters long",
  "full_evaluation": "The summary explicitly and repeatedly states that the generated string is 77 characters long. The opening line describes a 'random 77-character alphabetic string,' the process notes 'Loops 77 times (v2 = 77),' the IOC table lists '77 (string length)' as a 'Fixed output length,' and the Facts section states 'A 77-character random string is generated.' This directly matches the understanding point with no ambiguity or contradiction.",
  "explanation": "The summary clearly and repeatedly states the generated string is 77 characters long, matching the understanding point exactly.",
  "evidence": "random 77-character alphabetic string",
  "support_strength": 3,
  "satisfied": "true"
}
GeminiAI judge verdict: satisfiedop25/judge_GeminiAI_GLM51_up1_1.txt
{
  "understanding_point": "the generated string is 77 characters long",
  "full_evaluation": "The candidate summary explicitly states that the generated string is 77 characters long in multiple places. In the 'Functionality Description' section, it says, \"This function generates a random 77-character alphabetic string.\" It further reinforces this by mentioning, \"Loops 77 times (`v2 = 77`).\" In the 'Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)' section, it lists \"Constant | `77` (string length) | Fixed output length.\" Finally, in the 'Facts vs. Inference' section, it reiterates, \"Observed Fact | A 77-character random string is generated from the 52-character set `A-Za-z`.\" All these statements directly and clearly confirm the understanding point.",
  "explanation": "The summary explicitly states in multiple sections that the function generates a \"random 77-character alphabetic string\" and identifies '77' as the \"string length\" and \"Fixed output length.\"",
  "evidence": "This function generates a **random 77-character alphabetic string** composed of uppercase and lowercase letters (A-Z, a-z). The process:\n\n1. Initializes a character set string with `\"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\"` (52 characters)\n2. Loops 77 times (`v2 = 77`)",
  "support_strength": 3,
  "satisfied": "true"
}
OpenAI judge verdict: satisfiedop25/judge_OpenAI_GLM51_up1_1.txt
{
  "understanding_point": "the generated string is 77 characters long",
  "full_evaluation": "The candidate summary clearly and repeatedly states that the function produces a string of length 77. It explicitly describes the function as generating a \"random 77-character alphabetic string,\" says it \"Loops 77 times,\" lists the constant 77 as the string length, and later states as an observed fact that a 77-character random string is generated. This exactly matches the understanding point that the generated string is 77 characters long, with no contradiction or ambiguity.",
  "explanation": "The summary explicitly states that the function generates a random 77-character string and identifies 77 as the fixed output length. This directly satisfies the understanding point.",
  "evidence": "This function generates a **random 77-character alphabetic string**",
  "support_strength": 3,
  "satisfied": "true"
}

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